Dnes rano, jsem pracovala z mého blogu překladu o geneologii. Ted’, píšu bez překladatele (ale s příručke ústav pro jazyk český), a vím, že jsou mnoho chyby. Ale jak můžu se naučit česky bez chyby? Nemožné.
Včera večer, pracovala jsem na myšlenky “pády” (přešně, pád 4) v češtině, a taky vlekla jsem přes stranký od stranký gramaticky pravidel. Pravidla, pravidla, pravidla...a bez žadné konec. Musím se naučit, ale nemožné vidít každý pravidlo v stejne čast v můj mozku.
Vím, že se zdá bez žadné znalosty gramatický, třeba nevzdělana hlupáka. Ale to není pravda. Jsem chytrá, a vím všechno něco o slovních druzích v angličtině. A taký hodně vím o gramatice českice, ale je to velmi těžký to použít.
Cvičení dělá mistra.
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Slovesa
vědět, je věděl : savoir, to know, he knew. Ale vím in the present tense.
znát, já znám : connaître
znát, já znám : connaître
nevědět, jsem nevěděl nic : to not know, I did not know anything
narodit se, se narodil : to be born, he was born
procházet, procházel jsem : to wander/walk through something, I walked, I wandered through
patřit, patřili do: they (were) included - they belonged to. For people and objects.
pracovat, pracoval jsem : to work, I worked - (here, I worked more with the first, I leaned more to the first, I preferred the first)
napovádat + pád 3: to be a clue, na + po + dávat
nacpat : to cram
Probodnoutprobít? probodl : he stabbed
přivlastnit : to steal, to usurp, possibly to piggypack onto
se čekat : to expect
najít : to find
připomínat, připomínám : remember
pricházat, přicházela : potential to come, she was coming
nedostat, nedostanu : to not receive, to not getunreceived thing?
nedostat, nedostanu : to not receive, to not get
Podstatná jména
pocitová záležitost(ž) : gut instinct, feeling
vztah (m. n., masculine inanimate): relationship
družička (ž): bridesmaid
vítěznáé vlnaě (ž): a winning streak
zklamání (s. or neuter): disappointment
pořád (m. n.): a show, a broadcast
kmeta : “whitebeard” - old guy
na vrcholu : atop
v trídění : in sorting
přídavné jméno
nejpravděpodobnější : most likely-ly, most likelyiest
pravděpodobnější : more likely
společný : common, shared
nemožné : impossible, ne + možná
podstatný : significant
ostatní
Ejhle : lo and behold
téhož roku : of that same year (how do I use this in a sentence? Seems like a context dependent construction)==============================================================
PÁD 4 (taký bez překladatele, hlavně)
Znám to knihkupectví; máji hodně knih.
Vím ten pojem. Můžeme studovat další téma?
Mám pocit, že náš vztah není dobře.
Neznám tu družičku; to je její kamarádka?
Narodila jsem se v Texasu, v městě Lubbock.
Jeníček a Mařenka jsou se procházali v lese, když najednou...
Mám sestru a patrí do naší rodiny.
Pracovala jsem s nejpravděpodnější myšlenkou.
Jeho úsměv je napovádal jí, že měl ji rád.
Nacpou inzeráty bez pořadě.
Probodl holku měčem.
Přivlastnila jsem si tvoji učebnici.
Žadný problém, našla jsem svoji učebnici.
Ček
Připomínala jsem moji tetu.
Počkejte! Přicházím!
Má vztah
Dělám to dobře! Mám vítěžnou sérii!
Je mi smutno, když jsem zklamaná.
Ve filmu je kmet, který jmenuje se Gandalf.
Pravděpodobnější máme
Pravděpodobně máme společného
Na vrcholu kop
Mám ráda tu kolu (sprite, seven up).
Ach jo! zařazování kolejí, šla jsem do Mzimore!
Máš nějaký jiný podstatný vztah než se svým psem?
Ejhle, to je kon
==============================================================
So now my questions are:
- How do I use nouns with adjectives in pád 4? I think that's like...chapter 19 in my textbook. I will have to study it later tonight.
- How do I use pád 4 with plurals? It seems like it will not be pád 4 anymore...
"patřit" is general, not just for people. You can say for example: "Hrábě patří mezi zemědělské nástroje." (A rake belongs to agricultural tools.)
ReplyDelete"Ta kniha patří mně." (That book belongs to me. = is mine)
"Vsadil jsem všechny své peníze a prohrál." "To ti patří!" (I bet all my money and lost. It belongs to you! = You got what you deserve!)
The infinite of "probodl" is "probodnout" and the meaning is "stabbed through". Just "stabbed" is "bodl" (bodnout), without the pro- prefix.
"probít" also exists, again from "bít". "bít" means "to beat" (hit something forcefully), "to fight". This is a common source of amusement, as the only difference from "být", to be, is the "i/y", which sounds the same. "probít" then, as you could guess by now, means "to beat through", "to fight through":
"Střela probila pancíř." The bullet penetrated (beat through) the armor.
"Vojáci se probili z obklíčení." The soldiers fought their way through the siege. (escaped from being surrounded)
"přicházela" means "(she) was coming", and is not a noun. Potential is "potenciál" (masculine inanimate).
"vítězné vlně" is case 3, case 1 would be "vítězná vlna".
A show is "pořad" (short a). "pořád" means "still, all the time".
"kmeta" is case 2 or 4. Case 1 is "kmet" (masculine animate).
"(nej)pravděpodobnější" are adjectives (most/more probable), the corresponding adverbs are "(nej)pravděpodobněji" (most/more probably).
"na vrcholu" is "on the top", so not really and adjective. That would be "vrcholový" (vrcholová, vrcholové) or less frequently "vrcholný" (-ná, -né):
"Vrcholový sportovec" (masculine) = top sportsman
"Vrcholné baroko" (neuter) = peak baroque period
"v třídění" contains "ř" and is not an adjective (hint: adjectives are single words in Czech). Adjective from sorting can be "tříděný" (tříděná, tříděné), which means "sorted":
"tříděný odpad" = sorted garbage (with different types, e.g. paper, plastics, glass..., put separately)
"nedostat, nedostanu" is a verb, "not to get/recieve, (I) will not get/recieve". The adjective "nedostaný" (not recieved) sounds strange and is not commonly used, though you'd get your meaning across.
"téhož roku" means "of that SAME year", which limits the usage a bit. ("of that year" = "toho roku") For example:
"Narodila se osmého září a zemřela ještě téhož roku." = She was born 8th September and died before the same year ended. (ještě téhož roku = while still in the same year)
"Vím to knihkupectví, má moc knihu."
ReplyDelete- English "to know" has two translations in Czech, "vědět - já vím" you used here and "znát - já znám". "vědět" is used with information and facts while you use "znát" for people, places. ("znát" is like "be familiar with", not implying your knowledge is limited)
- "moc" means "too much". If you wanted "a lot/many", that's "hodně" or "mnoho". Of course, if you wanted to imply there's too many books, you can use "moc".
- "knihu" is case 4 of singular, you need plural, and with quantifiers like "moc" or "hodně" you need case 2 (but with simple "má", case 4 would be OK)
- stylistically, it would be more natural to say "mají" (they have) when talking about an entity such as a shop. But that's just icing on the cake.
=> "Znám to knihkupectví; má hodně knih."
"Má pocitovu záležitost, že to vztah není dobře."
- "pocitová záležitost": for one, this would be just "citová". "cit" a "pocit" are rather interchangeable and one is just used in some phrases and the other in others. But this literally means "a matter of feelings". You wouldn't really say "I have a matter of feelings" in English either, or wouldn't it at least sound unnatural? I'd advise to just stick to simple "Mám pocit" = I've got a feeling.
"to vztah" - vztah is masculine, so "ten vztah" (that) or "tento vztah" (this, but you would probably say "náš vztah", our relationship, in Czech, if you were one of the sides)
=> "Mám pocit, že náš vztah není dobře." (Still not 100% natural, but correct and perfectly understandable.)
"Nevím tu družička, ona je její (nevěsta) přikatelně?"
- "nevím" => "neznám" for people and things
- case 4 of "družička" is "družičku"
- "ona je" - we use "to" in such phrases. This actually reminds me of French, where you also say "c'est" in some types of phrases.
- "přikatelně" - I guess you meant "přítelkyně", a friend (male version is "přítel"). Be warned that these are also used for girlfriend/boyfriend (petit ami/petite amie). If you want to be clear that there's no romance, you use "kamarád", "kamarádka" (a neutral term in Czech, although it can remind you of a comrade).
=> "Neznám tu družičku, je to přítelkyně nevěsty?"
"Jsem se narodila v Texasu, v městě Lubbockě."
- you rarely start a phrase with "jsem".
- though I never heard of Lubbock before, as a native speaker I'd guess it to be masculine inanimate and say "Lubbocku". But foreign place names don't really need to be declensed when you use a declensed description of what you're talking about ("městě" here).
- no case 4 here
=> "Narodila jsem se v Texasu ve městě Lubbock."
"Jeníček a Mařenka procházeli jsou v lese."
- "procházet" means "to be going through", a imperfect form of "projít", "to go through", and uses case 7 for the object:
"procházeli lesem" = "were passing through a forest"
- if you add reflexive pronoun "se" to "procházet", you get "stroll". You can use both case 7 and case 6 with v (in):
"se procházeli v lese" = "were taking a stroll in the forest"
"Mám sestru; patří naši rodinu."
ReplyDelete- for sister, you would use "patří do naší rodiny", with case 2.
- for a family property, you would use case 3: "Tento dům patří naší rodině."
- a side note: "patřit" also has an archaic meaning of "to look at", which uses the case 4 you used. So your sentence is actually correct, meaning something like "I have a sister; she is beholding our family.
"Pracovala jsem s nejpravděpodnější myšlenkě."
- "nejpravděpodnější" => "nejpravděpodobnější". The root here is "podobný", alike. In "pravděpodobný" (probable), you can clearly see that historically, it was made out of "pravdě podobný" (alike to truth), creating a really long and hard-to-pronounce word.
- "myšlenkě" - "myšlenka" is feminine. With "s" (with), you use case 7, so "myšlenkou". So no case 4 here (that would be "myšlenku". Your word does not exist.).
"Jeho úsměv je napovádal, že měl ty rád."
- "je napovádal" - "napovídal" (hinted, was a clue that), from "povídat", to talk. "je" is case 4, means "them", but for (na)povídat you need "to them", case 3, so "jim" (or "mu/jí/mu" for to him/her/it).
- "měl ty rád" - here you need case 4, so "tě" (you in singular) (or "vás" in plural, "ho/ji/ho" for him/her/it).
I'm out of time now, be back later to comment on the rest. Don't give up! This is really dense stuff.
"Nacpou mnoho inzeráty bez pořadky."
ReplyDelete- "Nacpou mnoho inzeráty" - the quantifier thing. "Nacpou inzeráty" would be okay, but if you quantify with "mnoho", you need case 2, "mnoho inzerátů".
- "bez pořadky" - no feminine "pořadka" in Czech language. You probably meant "pořádek" (masculine), "order"? "bez pořádku", then.
=> "Nacpou mnoho inzerátů bez pořádku." (Not very natural.)
"Probodl holčku s mečem."
- "holčku" - Either "holčičku" (holčička, little girl) or "holku" (holka, girl). No middle size here :-)
- "s mečem" - means that she had a sword. If you wanted to express that he used a sword to stab her through, you use case 7 without the "s" ("Probodl ji mečem.")
"Přivlastnila jsem tvoji učebnici."
- "Přivlastnila jsem" - with this verb you always use the reflexive "se" in case 3 (possessive), so "si".
=> "Přivlastnila jsem si tvoji učebnici."
"Žádné problém, najila jsem moji učebnici."
- "Žádné problém" - "problém" is singular masculine, so "žádný".
- "najila" => "našla", as the root is "jít" (to go), which has this irregular past form.
- "moji učebnici" - now this is a tricky one. In addition to common possessive pronouns (můj, tvůj...), we also have a reflexive set, "svůj/svá/své", which means belonging to the subject of the sentence ("my/his/her... own"). So, compare:
"Karel se podíval na svoji ruku." (looked at his own hand)
"Karel se podíval na jeho ruku" (looked at his hand - we know it's some other man's).
Or:
"Dej mi svoje pravítko." (=tvoje) x "Dej mi moje pravítko."
"Čekame něco dobrého od vás."
- Great! Just "Čekáme" has long a, and more natural ordering would be "Čekáme od vás něco dobrého."
"Připominala jsem to slovo!"
- "připomínala" has long i
- while correct, the meanings are rather suspicious :-) This means "I resembled the word!" or "I reminded about the word!".
Thank you for your continual patience. This was not the greatest choice for a beginner. But hey. It is what I was already working on, so...there's that.
DeleteI really can't tell you how grateful I am for all of your detailed edits, especially for the in depth explanations. Thank you mnohokrát. It is extremely, extremely helpful to me.
DeleteNo problem. The thing I worry most about is that because my explanations are not structured, you'll get overwhelmed when confronted with the entirety of the language at once.
DeleteThis is the disadvantage of being a top-down learner, as opposed to a bottom-up learner, the problem of 100 screens. It's OK though; I am having fun, and that is one of the main things that matters :-)
Delete"Má vztaha se mnou."
ReplyDelete- "vztaha" - a relationship is masculine inanimate in Czech, so no ending a.
=> "Má vztah se mnou." (you emphasize that it's WITH YOU that he has a relationship)
=> "Má se mnou vztah." (you emphasize that you two have A RELATIONSHIP. This would be the default choice of ordering.)
"Dělám dobře! Mám vítěznou vlnu!"
- "Dělám dobře!" is correct and may be used in some situations, but generally you would add the pronoun "to" (it). For "I'm doing well", you could say "Daří se mi" (dařit se).
- "vítěznou vlnu" - for this specific phrase, we use something like "vítězná série"
=> "Dělám to dobře! Mám vítěznou sérii!"
"Je mi smutno, když mám zklamání."
- "mám zklamání" - in Czech, we don't have disappointment, rather we "jsme zklamaní" (are disappointed) or, less frequently, "zažíváme zklamání" (experience disappointment).
=> "Je mi smutno, když jsem zklamaná."
=> "Když jsem zklamaná, je mi smutno."
"Film "Pán prstenů" má kmeta, že jmenuje se Gandalfa."
- "má kmeta" - correct, but we usually say "ve filmu je něco" (there is ... in the movie).
- "kmeta, že jmenuje se" - in English, you can put "that", "who", maybe "which" here. In such context, where you expand on the person or an object, you need to use a pronoun, "který/á/é" or "jenž/jež/jenž".
"Že" is a conjunction; you would use it in a sentence like "Řekl, že jde domů." (He said that he's going home.)
- "Gandalfa" - no reason to add a (like for case 2). I guess with "jmenovat se" you always use case 1?
=> "Ve filmu "Pán prstenů" je kmet, který se jmenuje Gandalf."
"Pravděpodobnější máme společný předka, i když neznámá."
- "Pravděpodobnější" is "more probable", an adjective. So you use adverb instead, "pravděpodobně" (probably) (or "pravděpodobněji", more probably, in some context). Or to use the adjective you could say "Je pravděpodobnější, že" (It is more probable that)
- "máme společný předka" - "máme předka" is correct, case 4. But the case of the adjective has to match not only gender, but also the case of its noun, so you need to put "společný" into case 4, "společného".
- "neznámá" - this is also an adjective of the předek and has to be aligned in the same way, into masculine animate case 4, "neznámého".
=> "Pravděpodobně máme společného předka, i když neznámého."
"Na vrcholu kopece, je strom."
- "kopece" - the -ec ending changes to -ce (A general rule. Also, I cannot think of word ending in -ec that wouldn't be masculine.)
=> "Na vrcholu kopce je strom."
"Mám ráda tu kolu (sprite, seven up). Není nemožné, jsem závislá."
ReplyDelete- "tu kolu" is correct, but the "tu" changes the meaning: I like that coke. Generally, "Mám ráda kolu" (I like coke) is fine.
- "Není nemožné" - this is a double negative, just like in English. However, while English sometimes uses this naturally for stylistic purpose; Czech does not. So while your variant is possible and has the same meaning regarding the (im)possibility, it's weird; you'd say "Je možné".
- "možné, jsem závislá" - you need "že". In English "It's possible (that) I'm addicted" you can leave "that" out, but not in Czech. In this type of phrases, use "že" in Czech if you can use "that" in English.
"Ach jo!! V trídění domy, šela jsem do Mrzimore (Hufflepuff)!!!! :-("
- "trídění" - here, we use "zařazování".
"řada" (feminine) = a row
"řadit" = to order (to put something into an ordered state)
"zařadit" = ?? to put a thing into its place in an ordered collection
"zařazování" = the process of doing so (a "zařadit"-ing)
- "domy" - okay, so Harry Potter is rather specific context :-) we use "kolej" (hall of residence, college) for Hogwarts' houses. Generally, "dům" does not have all the meanings of English house: it has the most usual meaning of a small residential building, but you cannot use it for dynasties (that would be "rod") and other such meanings.
- "šela" - "šla", the most common verbs tend to be irregular, n'est pas?
- "Mrzimor" - masculine inanimate, so case 2 is "Mrzimoru"
=> "Ach jo!! V zařazování do kolejí jsem šla do Mrzimoru!!!! :-("
"Máš žadný podstatnou vztahu jiné než s tvoji pes????"
- "žádný" is negative (none, not any). For positive any, use "nějaký/á/é" (some, any).
- "podstatnou vztahu jiné" - as stated above, "vztah" is masculine.
- "s tvoji pes" - "pes" is masculine. For female dog, you can use "fena" (no vulgar connotations like bitch has in English), but pes is general term for the species. And tvoji/svoji was mentioned above, too.
=> "Máš nějaký jiný podstatný vztah než se svým psem?"
"Ejhle, to je konece."
- Just "konec", case 1 (masculine). In case 2, it would be "konce" (-ec => -ce, see above).
Regarding your questions, adjectives get aligned with both the number (číslo) and the case (pád) of the noun they describe:
ReplyDelete"malý zelený muž" = small green man
case 2, singular: "malého zeleného muže"
c3s: "malému zelenému muži"
c4s: "malého zeleného muže"
c5s: "malý zelený muži"
c6s: "malém zeleném muži"
c7s: "malým zeleným mužem"
c1p: "malí zelení muži"
c2p: "malých zelených mužů"
c3p: "malým zeleným mužům"
c4p: "malé zelené muže"
c5p: "malí zelení muži"
c6p: "malých zelených mužích"
c7p: "malými zelenými muži"
"Ty košile nechci modré." (I don't want those shirts blue.)
Since "košile" uses košile in case 4, and they are plural, you need to put the adjective describing them, modrý, in case 4 plural, too.
Do you see now why I gave you the link to the příručka, where you can see the declensed forms of words? :-)
Ooomph, generally, about the changing forms of words: In Czech, we categorize all words into 10 types (slovní druhy / "parts of speech"):
1. podstatná jména (nouns)
2. přídavná jména (adjectives)
3. zájmena (pronouns)
4. číslovky (numerals)
5. slovesa (verbs)
6. příslovce (adverbs)
7. předložky (prepositions)
8. spojky (conjunctions)
9. částice (particles)
10. citoslovce (interjections)
(We train this hard in the elementary and secondary schools! Like a nation of linguists.)
Of these, 1-4 (nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals) are subject to declination, that is they change their form according to the number and case. Adjectives and pronouns are also tied to gender.
Number 5, verbs, are conjugated to express person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood (modus).
Numbers 2 and 6, adjectives & adverbs, are subject to gradation - there are three levels of the quality (x / more x / most x).
The remaining parts of speech do not change form. (Well, there's preposition vocalization, where -e can be added, mostly to "s, k, v, z". But that should be it.)
Yes, samozřejmě vím the absolute necessity and usefulness of the příručka site, and it is always an open tab in my browser nowadays :-) but it is still tricky for me to manage. For example, sometimes I input things like "společný" and POOF there is a wall of text in Czech that is complete nonsense if I use the browser's built in translator (as are most grammar related things), and there are no tables. So I guess that word has some interesting exceptions.
DeleteIt was actually really eye-opening to me to realize the other day that I must seem like I don't even know the difference between an adjective and an adverb, a noun and a pronoun, a verb and an interjection, etc. Of course I do. But our cases are not marked, and English is pluricentric (there are many rules and exceptions. There is no ústav pro jazyk angličký, and in fact, there is not even technically a national language in the USA (a contentious political issue for some people).
I will try to find a way to gain more "structure" in my language study while still keeping it creative and interesting. I have some ideas. I really enjoy reading a text and trying to write sentences, though. That is fun.
Huh, I thought they had the declensions of adjectives in Příručka, too, but obviously they don't :-( Fortunately, adjectives are rather regular, with a single set of endings for feminine, another one for neuter and two for masculine ("mladý" and "jarní", which are not hard to decide as one uses ý and the other í).
DeleteJust to be clear, I did not want to suggest you don't know the difference between an adjective and an adverb. (If I thought that, I would not use those terms in an explanation – that would not help you very much.)